叶面喷施褪黑素对低温胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以南瓜品种‘永安2号’幼苗为试验材料,采用室内盆栽实验,在叶面喷施不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200和300μmol·L^(-1))褪黑素(MT)后进行低温(10℃/7℃)胁迫处理,考察幼苗生长指标以及相对电导率、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量等抗逆生理指标的变化,初步探讨外源褪黑素缓解南瓜幼苗低温冷害的生理机制。结果表明:(1)在低温胁迫条件下,南瓜幼苗出现叶片萎蔫失水、边缘失绿褪色、向内卷曲等冷害症状;幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重、干重和壮苗指数等生长指标及叶片相对叶绿素含量均显著降低;叶片相对电导率、MDA含量和O^(-)·_(2)产生速率显著升高50%以上,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量也大多显著升高。(2)与低温胁迫处理相比,叶面喷施不同浓度褪黑素后,南瓜幼苗叶片冷害症状均得到不同程度恢复,并以100μmol·L^(-1) MT处理生长状态最好,植株形态表型与对照已没有明显差异;幼苗生长指标以及叶片相对叶绿素含量、6种抗氧化酶活性、3种渗透调节物质含量均不同程度提高,并随着MT浓度升高均先升后降,且均在100μmol·L^(-1) MT处理最高。研究发现,外源褪黑素能通过提高叶片叶绿素含量、增强抗氧化酶活性、增加渗透调节物质积累,显著降低低温冷害造成的膜质过氧化程度,有效减轻低温胁迫对南瓜幼苗的伤害,增强其抵抗低温能力,恢复幼苗的正常生长,且喷施浓度为100μmol·L^(-1)时效果最佳。     

城市绿地动物声景的时空特征及其驱动因素

动物群落是构成城市绿地生态系统的关键要素,声景作为野生动物重要的生态信息,掌握其时空变化及其影响因素,对于指导城市绿地景观设计与生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以Web of Science数据库的核心合集2005–2022年收录的67篇研究文献为对象,综合梳理与分析了城市绿地动物声景的时空模式及其驱动因素。城市绿地动物声景在空间上表现出环境空间梯度和植被空间结构的差异,动物声音多样性随海拔、纬度、城市化程度的降低以及植被类型和高度的增加呈现升高趋势。时间尺度呈现出昼夜、季节和年度变化差异,表现为鸟类在黎明和黄昏合唱、昆虫和两栖动物在夜间鸣叫以及季节性和年度性发声规律等。影响城市动物声景模式的因素主要包括植被、环境、人为干扰和动物自身驱动等。动物声景作为当前声景生态学研究的热点之一,面临大时空尺度演变规律研究不足、动物声景分析有限等挑战,建议未来着重开展多时空尺度变化规律研究、创新动物声景分析方法、定量解析影响因素及其响应机制、建立全球动物声景数据库等。     

中国东北地区三种蜜环菌的生物学特性及奥氏蜜环菌人工培养

蜜环菌属Armillaria真菌具有较高的食药用价值。由于蜜环菌的生长发育过程较复杂,还未完全实现商业化栽培,野生资源的供应受到季节性和地域性的影响。本研究以采自东北地区蜜环菌属的3个菌株为研究对象,通过培养物的形态特征及分子标记确定菌株JG19016为奥氏蜜环菌A. ostoyae,菌株JG19017为高卢蜜环菌A. gallica,菌株JG19018为中国蜜环菌生物种C。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016最适生长温度为25 ℃,高卢蜜环菌JG19017的最适生长温度为22 ℃,中国蜜环菌生物种C JG19018则在22-25 ℃时菌丝生长速度最快;3个菌株最适pH为5-6。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016对葡萄糖和蔗糖利用率较好,高卢蜜环菌JG19017对葡萄糖利用率较好,中国蜜环菌生物种C JG19018对葡萄糖和淀粉利用率较好;蛋白胨对3个菌株促进作用最强,为最适氮源。培养基中加入VB₁,对3个菌株的菌丝生长均有明显的促进作用。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016菌丝生长的最优培养基配方为：葡萄糖20 g,蛋白胨3 g,磷酸二氢钾2 g,硫酸镁1.5 g,VB₁ 10 mg,琼脂20 g,水1 L。在木屑基质中培养,其配方的最优碳氮比为38:1,最佳木屑粗细比为3:1以上。出菇条件探索结果显示,菌丝及菌索长满菌袋(17 mm×33 mm×5 mm丝聚乙烯袋)需要50-60 d,之后在18 ℃、60%湿度和12 h散射光的环境中,10 d左右可观察到原基产生。增加菇房湿度到90%-95%,2-3 d可观察到1-3 cm的幼子实体,7 d左右菌柄和菌盖完全分化,10 d左右观察到菌盖展开。     

珍稀濒危植物细果秤锤树开花生物学特性和繁育系统

为了解珍稀濒危植物细果秤锤树（Sinojackia microcarpa）开花特征和有性繁殖,对其花部形态特征、开花动态、花粉胚珠比（P/O）、柱头可授性、花粉活力、套袋试验、访花昆虫及访花频率进行观测。结果表明：（1）细果秤锤树的杂交指数（OCI）为4,单花期5~7 d,种群花期可持续20 d左右。花粉与胚珠比为4 093.21±498.56。开花后第3天的花粉活力最高（76.21%）,而开花后第7天时花粉活力较低（18.37%）。细果秤锤树柱头最适可授期在开花后第2天。（2）套袋试验表明,细果秤锤树存在部分自交不亲和性,同时不存在无融合生殖,传粉昆虫是其完成生殖过程所必需的,且异株授粉能够提高其坐果率和结籽率。细果秤锤树的访花昆虫有3目5科7种,主要访花昆虫有黄胸木蜂（Xylocopa appendiculata）、熊蜂（Bombus sp.）、胡蜂（Vespa sp.）、中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana）、黑带食蚜蝇（Episyrphus balteatus）、其中熊蜂平均访花频率最高,达（8.67±0.21） 次·h^-1。对该物种开花生物学特征与繁育系统进行深入研究,有利于进一步探究其濒危机制,为后续珍稀濒危植物的研究提供理论依据和参考。     

Impacts of production conditions on goat milk vitamin,carotenoid contents and colour indices

The content, composition and variation of vitamin compounds in goat milk have been little studied. An experimental design was based on 28 commercial farms, selected considering the main feeding system (based on main forage and especially pasture access), goat breed (Alpine vs Saanen) and reproductive management (seasonal reproduction), in the main French goat milk production area. Each farm received two visits (spring and autumn) that included a survey on milk production conditions and bulk milk sampling. Milk vitamins (A, E, B₂, B₆, B₉, B₁₂) and carotenoid concentrations plus colour indices were evaluated. A stepwise approach determined the variables of milk production conditions that significantly altered milk indicators. The main forage in the diet was the major factor altering goat milk vitamin and carotenoid concentrations and colour indices. Bulk milk from goats eating fresh grass as forage was richer in α-tocopherol (+64%), pyridoxal (+35%) and total vitamin B₆ (+31%), and b* index (characterising milk yellowness in the CIELAB colour space) was also higher (+12%) than in milk from goats eating conserved forages. In milk from goats eating fresh grass, concentrations of pyridoxamine, lutein and total carotenoids were higher than in milk of goats fed corn silage (+24, +118 and +101%, respectively), and retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations were higher than in milk of goats fed partially dehydrated grass (+45 and +55%). Vitamin B₂ concentration was higher in milk of goats eating fresh grass than in milk of goats fed hay or corn silage as forage (+10%). However, bulk milk when goats had access to fresh grass was significantly poorer in vitamin B₁₂ than when fed corn silage (?46%) and in γ-tocopherol (?31%) than when fed conserved forage. Alpine goats produced milk with higher vitamin B₂ and folate concentrations than Saanen goats (+18 and +14%, respectively). Additionally, the milk colour index that discriminates milks based on their yellow pigment contents was 7% higher in milk from Alpine than Saanen herds, but milk from Saanen goats was richer in lutein (+46%). Goat milks were richer in vitamins B₂ and B₁₂ and folates, but poorer in vitamin B₆ in autumn than in spring (+12, +133, +15 and ?13%, respectively). This work highlights that goat milk vitamin and carotenoid concentrations and colour indices vary mainly according to the main forage of the diet and secondly according to the breed and season.     

Effects of oxygen level on metabolism and development of seedlings of Trapa natans and two ecologically related species

Seeds of the water plant Trapa natans L. (water chestnut) can germinate in strict anoxia. The seedlings show seminal roots growing upwards while shoot buds remain quiescent until O₂ becomes available. Trapa seedlings are highly tolerant to anoxia. The rate of ethanol fermentation was 21.2 μmol (g FW)⁻¹ h⁻¹, while production of lactate was negligible and lower than that of succinate. The seminal root of Trapa compares better to the rice coleoptile rather than to the rice root, both functionally and as to the metabolic response to anoxia. The anaerobic germination of Nuphar luteum L. and Scirpus mucronatus L. was also characterized by a limited developmental program.     

EFFECTS OF VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE. I. ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EIGHT SPECIES OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

The influence of temperature on the biochemical composition of eight species of marine phytoplankton was investigated. Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle and Heim-dal, Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin and, Pavlova lutheri Droop (three of eight species studied) had minimum values of carbon and nitrogen quotas at intermediate temperatures resulting in a broad U-shaped response in quotas over the temperature range of 10 to 25°C. Protein per cell also had minimum values at intermediate temperatures for six species. For T. pseudonana, P. tricornutum, and P. lutheri, patterns of variation in carbon, nitrogen, and protein quotas as a function of temperature were similar. Over all species, lipid and carbohydrate per cell showed no consistent trends with temperature. Only chlorophyll a quotas and the carbon: chlorophyll a ratios (θ) showed consistent trends across all species. Chlorophyll a quotas were always lower at 10°C than at 25°C. Carbon: chlorophyll a ratios (θ) were always higher at 10°C than at 25°C. We suggest that although θ consistently increases at lower temperatures, the relationship between temperature and θ ranges from linear to exponential and is species specific. Accordingly, the interspecific variance in θ that results from species showing a range of possible responses to temperature increases as temperature declines and reaches a maximum at low temperatures. High photon flux densities appear to increase the potential interspecific variance in the carbon: chlorophyll a ratio and therefore exacerbate these trends.     

五种高山藏医药用植物茎叶的结构特征研究

通过对青藏高原东北部３８００ｍ至５１００ｍ处生长的五种高山藏医药用植物茎叶的解剖观察发现,这些植物的叶表皮单层,气孔不下陷,但叶肉中的栅栏细胞多层,有的叶表面密被表皮毛、角质膜厚,茎叶中普遍形成发达的通气组织。这些特征是高寒地区空气稀薄、气温低、日照辐射强等外界条件长期作用的结果。     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛地衣研究 Ⅰ.松萝属石萝亚属

本文扼要回顾了松萝属石萝亚属(Usnea subgenus Neuropogon)地衣研究简况,根据形态、化学、分布三者综合的现代地衣物种概念,确认南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛只存在两种石萝即南极石萝(Usnea antarctica)和簇花石萝(Usnea aurantiaco-atra)。除形态、化学特征描述外,详述了这两种石萝在菲尔德斯半岛的生境与分布特征。其中,在藓丛生境中的簇花石萝群体性状分化及其与石生群体性状的比较和讨论是文献中尚未见到的,而生长在木板上的南极石萝则属罕见,其平均生长速率估算为每年增长0.4—1.1mm。在化学上,这两种石萝均属于化学型Ⅰ和化学型Ⅲ,而化学型Ⅱ(含有norstictic,salazinic and usnic acids)不存在于该半岛的两种石萝中。     

Gap formation and species diversity in Japanese beech forests: a test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis on a geographic scale

To evaluate whether the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis applies on regional scales, the relationship between the species diversity and gap formation regime of beech forests was examined. The mean gap size and the variation of gap sizes showed no correlation with species diversity. The mean windstorm interval varied widely, but geographical trends, such as latitudinal gradient, were not observed. However, locations that sustained an intermediate frequency of disturbance had the highest species diversity. Although a latitudinal gradient of disturbance was not apparent, the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis was partly supported on a geographic scale. The most predictable model for species diversity was a multiple regression model composed of two factors, the windstorm interval and the cumulative temperature of the growing season. The fact that the temperature was of greater importance than the disturbance interval indicates that the most important factor in predicting forest species diversity is the amount of available energy on a geographic scale.